Graph Traversals: Breadth-First Search (BFS) & Depth-First Search (DFS)
Represent graphs using Adjacency Lists, search shortest paths using BFS queue traversal, and explore component paths using DFS recursion stack.
Graph Search Mechanics
### BFS vs DFS Algorithms
- **Breadth-First Search (BFS)**: Level-by-level queue traversal. Guarantees finding the **shortest path** in unweighted graphs. Time: $O(V + E)$.
- **Depth-First Search (DFS)**: Deep branch exploration using recursive call stack or explicit stack. Ideal for topological sort and cycle detection.