POSIX File Permissions (chmod, chown) & SUID Security
Master Read (4), Write (2), Execute (1) octal bits, user/group ownership (chown), and identify dangerous SUID root permission bits.
POSIX Permission Matrix & Octal Notation
### POSIX Permission Representation
Permissions apply to three scope tiers: **User (u)**, **Group (g)**, and **Others (o)**.
| Permission | Symbol | Octal Value | File Effect | Directory Effect |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Read | `r` | 4 | Read contents | List files (`ls`) |
| Write | `w` | 2 | Modify file | Create/delete files |
| Execute | `x` | 1 | Run binary | Traverse (`cd`) |
`chmod 755 script.sh` grants Read/Write/Execute (`7`) to user, and Read/Execute (`5`) to group and others.